Cancer of the Nasal and Paranasal Sinuses in Dogs

 Nasosinal Tumors

Description – Tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses consist of 1% of all canine neoplasms. The intranasal lesions mostly manifest themselves as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. The remaining, however, comprise fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma. Among them carcinomas and sarcomas are the most aggressive. At the time of diagnosis the rate of metastasis is usually low but at the time of death it is around 40% to 50%. The common metastatic sites are the regional lymph nodes and the lungs whereas the less common sites include the bones, kidneys, liver, skin and brain.

 Benign tumors like polyps and fibromas too have been found.

The average age of dogs with nasosinal tumors is 10 years. A predilection has been reported among medium and large breeds. 


Nasal Adenocarcinoma in Dogs

Nose cancer (or nasal adenocarcinoma) occurs when too many cells in the animal's nasal and sinus passages come together. The disease progresses slowly and occurs both in dogs and cats. Studies have shown nose cancer is more common in larger animal breeds than in smaller ones, and it may be more common in males than females. Options exist when the disease is caught early and aggressively treated.


Chondrosarcoma of the Nasal and Paranasal Sinuses in Dogs

A chondrosarcoma (CSA) is the second most common primary tumor in dogs, accounting for ten percent of all primary bone tumors. This is a malignant, invasive and fast spreading tumor in dogs. A CSA of the nasal and paranasal sinuses arises from the mesenchymal tissue, a connective collagenous tissue that is found throughout the body, and metastasizes to other parts of the body, including the nasal bones. It usually occurs on one side of the nasal cavity and extends to the other side over time.


Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs

Both the inside of the nose and the paranasal sinuses are covered in the same type of tissue, called the epithelium. The outer layer of this tissue is scale like, and is called the squamous epithelium. Tumors that grow from this squamous epithelium are called squamous cell carcinomas.

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common type of nasal tumor that dogs get. They usually grow slowly over several months. Most commonly, they occur on both sides of the nose, and it is common for this kind of cancer to spread to the bone and tissue near it. In some cases, this type of nasal tumor will spread to the brain, causing seizures. Squamous cell carcinomas in the nose and sinuses are usually seen in dogs over nine years old, but they have been seen in dogs as young as three years old.

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian will need a complete background medical history leading up to your dog's disease symptoms. Routine blood tests include a complete blood count, biochemistry profile, urinalysis and platelet count. The results may show normal levels. Your veterinarian will also examine the blood samples for evidence of fungal or bacterial infections. Aspergillus is sometimes found in dogs with nasal tumors.

Radiographic studies can be helpful in confirming the diagnosis, but even this type of diagnostic method is challenging. Computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will often produce a more substantial image of the extent of invasion. An endoscope -- a tubular device with an attached camera that allows for a closer look at the diseased area -- can also be used examine the internal structure of the nasal canal, and may also be used to collect tissue specimens for biopsy, but because of the small space, this can be difficult. Other methods for collecting tissue and fluid samples may be employed, including fine needle aspiration, and suction. Biopsy is the only way to conclusively diagnose nasal cancer.

Your veterinarian may also take radiographs of other areas of the body to evaluate if metastasis is taking place.



Causes – The etiology of nasosinal tumors is largely unknown but some reports suggest that animals living in urban areas are at an increased risk. This is primarily due to the nasal filtering of pollutants. Exposure to passive smoking and fossil fuel combustion products like those produced by coal or kerosene heaters may accentuate the risk of this type of cancer.

Symptoms – Some of the most common clinical signs may include epistaxis (bloody nasal discharge), mucopurulent discharge (nasal discharge containing mucous and pus), facial deformity from bone erosion and subcutaneous extension of the tumor, sneezing, dyspnea (shortness of breath) or stertorous breathing (harsh noisy breathing), exophthalmus (abnormal protrusion of the eye) and ocular discharge due to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct (carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity).

On rare occasions animals with large tumors involving the caudal region of the nasal cavity may have neurological signs including seizures, behavioral changes, paresis (partial loss of movement), circling and obtundation (dog that does not have full mental capacity).



Treatment – By the time nasal carcinoma is detected, the disease has already become highly infiltrative. The degenerative nature of the disease and its critical location of the tumor near the brain and eyes renders it non-amenable to treatment and makes surgery impossible.  So, radiation therapy using high-energy mega voltage equipment is the only conventional treatment of choice for nasosinal tumors. It covers the entire nasal cavity, including, bone.

However, radiation has many disadvantages. The side effects of irradiation vary with protocols. Acute toxicities that result from irradiation include oral mucositis (inflammation and ulceration of the mouth), rhinitis (running nose), desquamation (shedding of the outer layers of the skin) and keratoconjunctivitis (inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva) and blepharitis (ocular disease characterized by inflammation of the eyelid margins).

This state of affairs continue for 2-8 weeks after therapy for which oral antibiotics and pain medications are prescribed. However, if oral mucositis, attains severe proportions, esophagostomy (surgical opening into the esophagus) and gastrostomy (surgical opening into the stomach) tube feedings may be needed in the short term.

Sometimes the side effects of radiation may set in late. But they can be even more dangerous than the acute ones. These may include cataracts (cloud that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye), keratitis (condition in which the cornea of the eye becomes inflamed), atrophy (wasting away of the part of the body), keratoconjunctivitis, anterior uvea, hemorrhage, degeneration, brain necrosis (brain death), seizures, optic nerve degeneration, osteonecrosis (bone collapse) and fibrosis (development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ). Some complications develop late after therapy and are generally non-treatable.

Prognosis – Without treatment the prognosis for nasal carcinoma is approximately 3 months. The median survival time of dogs with epistaxis is 88 days whereas those without epistaxis is 224 days. The median survival time after surgery is 3-6 months. The median survival time with high voltage irradiation is 8-19.7 months.


Lucy received no radiation nor chemotherapy. She only received the Tippner Cancer Protocol. She is now past 3 years since diagnosis by biopsy of nasal adenocarcinoma and has virtually no symptoms.







Lucy never did radiation or chemo, she only did the Tippner Protocol. The Tippner Cancer Protocol combines immunotherapy and molecular cancer therapy using off the shelf readily available inexpensive natural substances. She is past 3 years after diagnosis by biopsy

I buy most of the stuff from Swanson Vitamins. They are cheaper, in capsules for dosage changes, and carry almost everything I give to Lucy except for the Chinese Herbs Stasis Breaker prescription, and the Low Dose Naltrexone prescription. Here is a $5 off coupon link I found

Sixty-two percent of chemotherapy drugs come from

"Sixty-two percent of chemotherapy drugs come from natural products, and plants have been the basis of almost every new class of medication," Gary says. "It makes sense that these plants can act as anticancer agents."


  "In their exhaustion and desperation, they were trying to find an alternative treatment that was not so harsh," says Cohen, who often prescribed herbs to be prepared as teas to ease the side effects of chemo and hormone therapy. But the patients' oncologists, says Cohen, discouraged them from trying anything new. "They'd say Chinese medicine was quackery and that there was no evidence it worked," he says. Still, Cohen observed that many of the women to whom he gave Chinese herbs, including Ban Zhi Lian, responded well to the herbs and even experienced a relatively good quality of life. "At first I chucked it to luck," he says. "But then you see it's not just luck. And then you ponder why."

Case Reports I found to give some examples:

(Case reports are provided to have a better understanding of the product. Please be aware that the info was received from acupuncturists/ Chinese medicine doctors and was not reviewed by FDA. Drs. Gu from California and Lei from Arkansas contributed to the cases).^†

1. Female breast cancer patient, 45 years old. Blood test indicates a cancer cell index was as high as 22. Patient came to my office for TCM treatment because she does not want to go through surgery and chemotherapy treatment. I prescribed Tumoclear tablets for her to take orally and provided acupuncture and Qi-gong treatments. Her tumor was reduced in size significantly and the cancer cell index went down from 22 to 8. She has not undergone the excision surgery to date. Her condition is under the control completely.^†

2. Late stage lung cancer patient, Female, 70 years old. Patient was diagnosed to have only 3-month time to live by Western medicine doctors. She had to take morphine to reduce the agonizing pain but with unsatisfactory results. After visiting our place, taking Tumoclear tablets and receiving acupuncture and Qi-Gong treatments, she reported her pain was reduced greatly. Tumoclear does have the analgesic and stabilizing effects. The patient eventually died after 9 months. Her family was grateful that her pain was reduced and she passed away very peacefully.^†

3. Male patient, with metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma spreading to the brain. He was diagnosed by Western medicine doctors to have a 6-month survival time. Prescribed a large dose of Tumoclear from the start of the treatment. It has been more than two years since and his cancer is under control. He has been taking Tumoclear continuously under my supervision.^†

4. Female patient, 20 years old at the time of visit, had Pharyngeal cancer. Patient had gone through chemotherapy but the cancer relapsed. She had a whole body edema, accompanied by the jaundice. Prescribed Tumoclear at large doses from the start of the treatment in conjunction with Guang Ci Tang’s Qin Dan Hua Shi Pian. Also provided acupuncture and Qigong treatments. Now at age of 24, her cancer is completely under control.^†

5. Male, 45-year old, with pancreatic cancer. He had gone through chemotherapy treatment for approximately half a year without achieving apparent results. The size of the tumor was not reduced and at about 1.5cm. After coming to my clinic, she had since stopped the chemotherapy. Prescribed Tumoclear and Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma japonicum) in conjunction with acupuncture treatment. After three weeks treatment, the tumor had been reduced in size from 1.5cm to 0.3cm.^†

6. Female, 55 years old, with metastatic lung cancer spreading to the cerebrum. She did not undergo chemotherapy or radiotherapy and instead chose to receive TCM treatment at my clinic. Prescribed Tumoclear and Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma japonicum) in conjunction with acupuncture treatment. After five weeks treatment, the brain tumor had disappeared from a size of 0.9cm at the onset.^†

References

• 1. Zhang Y. et al., Studies on Parmacology of Sarcandra glabra. Chinese Journal of the Practical Chinese with Modern Medicine, 2006 19:1839
• 2. Zhu Y. et al., Journal of Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2006 (5):533
• 3. Carr C., Can Ancient Herbs Treat Cancer? Time 2007 Oct 15. Link
• 4. Normile D., The New Face of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Science 2003 299:188.
• by X. Li, Ph. D. (credentials)

I buy most of the stuff from Swanson Vitamins. They are cheaper, in capsules for dosage changes, and carry almost everything I give to Lucy except for the Chinese Herbs Stasis Breaker prescription, and the Low Dose Naltrexone prescription. Here is a $5 off coupon link I found

Lucy has hit 3 year mark!

Well, we made it.
Lucy is at 3 years since diagnosis of nasal adenocarcinoma cancer by biopsy.
She needs a party! And no pills that day! Yay!





I buy most of the stuff from Swanson Vitamins. They are cheaper, in capsules for dosage changes, and carry almost everything I give to Lucy except for the Chinese Herbs Stasis Breaker prescription, and the Low Dose Naltrexone prescription. Here is a $5 off coupon link I found

Soy-Derived Isoflavones like GENISTEIN Inhibit the Growth of Canine Cancers

Soy May Aid In Treating Canine Cancers

Apr. 11, 2009 — Researchers at North Carolina State University are looking to soy as a way to make traditional canine cancer therapy more effective, less stressful for the dog and less costly for the owners.

---

Dr. Steven Suter, assistant professor of oncology, and NC State colleagues studied genistein - a molecule found in soy that has been shown to be toxic to a wide variety of cancer cells in humans - to determine whether it would also inhibit the growth of canine lymphoma cells.

The researchers found that a commercially available form of genistein called GCP was effective in killing canine lymphoid cells in a laboratory setting, and that GCP is "bioavailable" in canines - meaning it is absorbed into the bloodstream where it can affect cancer cells in the body. The researchers hope that their findings will lead to the use of GCP for their canine patients in conjunction with traditional cancer treatments like chemotherapy.

The researchers' findings were published in Clinical Cancer Research.

"Humans have been using soy in conjunction with traditional chemotherapy for some time as a chemo potentiator," Suter says. "This means that the GCP makes the chemotherapy work more efficiently and faster, which translates to less stress on the patient and less money spent on chemotherapy."

Since dogs absorb GCP in much the same way that humans do, Suter hopes that veterinarians will be able to offer this therapy to canine patients in the near future.

"Since GCP is a dietary supplement, it is harmless to patients," he adds. "Plus it's inexpensive and easy to administer in a pill form. There's really no downside here."

Soy-Derived Isoflavones Inhibit the Growth of Canine Lymphoid Cell Lines

-GENISTEIN supplements ( google it as canine lymphoma genistein and see what comes up). Genistein is an isoflavone extracted from soybeans. If you google it you'll find page after page of promising research -- especially on lymphoma and t-cell lymphoma. Among other things it caused the death of cancer cells without harming healthy ones. (Something chemo or radiation DON"T do)

I found one source so far that is pure genistein costs alot but it is pure and likely near what researchers use due to dosage and pureness

Swanson now carries one. Yay! Cheaper!




Here is one article:

1. Vahbiz Jamadar-Shroff1,
2. Mark G. Papich2 and
3. Steven E. Suter1

+ Author Affiliations

1. 
   Authors' Affiliations: Departments of ¹Clinical Sciences and ²Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
   

1. Requests for reprints:
   Steven E. Suter, North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, CVM Research Building #308, Raleigh, NC 27606. Phone: 919-513-0813; Fax: 919-513-7301; E-mail: 

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of genistein, both pure genistein and a commercially available form of genistein called Genistein Combined Polysacharride (GCP), against two canine B-cell lymphoid cell lines and determine the oral bioavailability of GCP when fed to normal dogs.

Experimental Design: The in vitro effect of genistein and GCP was evaluated using cell proliferation and apoptotic assays. The IC₅₀ of both compounds was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay and propidium idodide staining. Apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V staining, caspase 3 and 9 staining, and DNA laddering. Cell cycle analysis and Bcl-2/Bax ratios were also examined. An initial dose escalating pharmacokinetic study was used to determine if therapeutic serum levels of genistein could be reached with oral dosing of GCP in normal dogs.

Results: The 72-hour in vitro IC₅₀ of genistein and GCP against the GL-1 and 17-71 cells were both 10 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL, respectively. GCP led to cell death in both cell lines via apoptosis and treated cells exhibited increased Bax:Bcl-2 ratios. The serum concentrations of genistein in normal dogs given increasing oral doses of GCP did not reach the 72-hour in vitro IC₅₀ in a dose escalation study.

Conclusions: The results of these studies support the notion that canine high-grade B-cell lymphoma may represent a relevant large animal model of human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to investigate the utility of GCP in chemopreventive and/or treatment strategies that may serve as a prelude to human clinical lymphoma trials.

Translational Relevance

Canine lymphoma has historically been considered an excellent animal model of a variant of human non-Hodkin's lymphoma called diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma. Dogs are large, long-lived animals that are evolutionarily more closely related to humans than rodents; therefore, they represent an accessible, spontaneous population of high-grade lymphomas occurring in immunocompetent animals. Based on a large body of human literature documenting the antiproliferative effects of genistein, we hypothesized that genistein would also have in vitro activity against canine lymphoid cell lines and perhaps in vivo activity in canine lymphoma patients in either chemopreventive or treatment protocols. The results presented here support our hypothesis that genistein has significant in vitro antiproliferative activity against two well-established canine B-cell lines, mirroring human cell line data. Additionally, we developed an extremely sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatography–based assay to detect plasma genistein in dogs fed a commercially made, highly bioavailable form of genistein called Genistein Combined Polysacharride (GCP). With this assay, we were able to show that genistein in GCP can be absorbed by canine gut enterocytes, which leads to detectable genistein plasma levels. These initial studies with GCP lay the groundwork for future studies in the setting of canine lymphoma with findings that may be directly applicable to human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. 

Genistein (4, 5, 7-trihydroxyisoflavone) is a readily available isoflavone found in soy-based products. Epidemiologic studies indicate that consumption of soy-containing diets is associated with a lower incidence of many human tumors (1, 2). Genistein has been identified as an inhibitor of various protein tyrosine kinases that play a role in cell growth and apoptosis, including camp-responsive element-binding protein (3), signal transducers and activators of transcription (4), members of the fork-head-related transcription factors (5), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB; ref. 6). At pharmacologic concentrations genistein's recorded activities also include topoisomerase I and II inhibition (7), antioxidant activity (8), induced differentiation (9), and deregulation of mitochondrial membrane pore permeability (10). 

Genistein's effects on various human solid cancer cell lines have been extensively studied (11). Although the precise molecular mechanisms responsible for these activities are not clearly understood, the compound can inhibit cancer cell growth (12, 13), induce apoptotic cell death with cell cycle arrest at G₂-M phase, and inhibit angiogenesis (14). Genistein causes epigenetic changes in mouse prostate (15) and up-regulates mRNA expression of the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene during mammary tumorigenesis (16). The compound also inhibits DNA methyltransferase and reverses the methylation status, with concomitant reexpression, of the p^16INK4a, RARb, and MGMT genes in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and prostate cell lines (17).

Genistein is also active against human lymphoid neoplasia (18, 19). Genistein induces apoptosis via mitochondrial damage in T lymphoma cells (20) and via Akt signaling in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (21). The molecule also reduces NF-κb in T lymphoma cells via caspase-mediated cleavage of Iκβα (22). Finally, when included into a CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) lymphoma protocol, genistein has growth modulatory effects, via G₂-M arrest and decreased NF-κb binding, in a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma xenograft setting (23). 

Natural and synthetic genistein glycosides are not easily absorbed across enterocytes in humans and cats (24, 25). Genistein Combined Polysacharride (GCP), a commercially available form of genistein (26), is a complex mixture produced by fermentation of soybean extracts with a mushroom mycelia (Ganoderma lucidum) culture that contains approximately 40% isoflavones. Fermentation deglycosylates soy isoflavones, producing aglycone isoflavones that are highly absorbable across the gut lumen (27). GCP has documented in vitro and in vivo effects on a wide variety of human cancers (28, 29). 

Case reports show complete regression of T3 prostate cancer following treatment with GCP ⁽⁷⁾; and supplementation with GCP prevented recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder ⁽¹⁰⁾.

Canine high-grade B-cell lymphoma, which is similar phenotypically and biologically to the most common variant of human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma called diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, is one of the most common malignant tumors of dogs (up to 25% of all cancers) and it is the most common hematopoietic tumor of the dog (83%; ref. 30). The median survival time of canine B-cell lymphoma patients treated with CHOP or L-VCAP (asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, prednisone)-based protocols is 12 to 14 months, with an overall cure rate of <10% (31). Dogs are evolutionarily more closely related to humans than rodents and are large, long-lived animals; therefore, canine B-cell lymphoma represents an excellent model to investigate novel therapeutics and treatment strategies that may have direct applicability to the human disease (32). 

Based on the similarity between canine B-cell lymphoma and human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, we hypothesized that genistein would inhibit the cell growth of two well-established canine lymphoid B-cell lines. We show that genistein induces cell death via apoptosis at concentrations similar to those reported in the human literature. We also present our preliminary findings of the oral absorption of GCP in domestic dogs.

Soy-derived isoflavones inhibit the growth of canine lymphoid cell ...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228730

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by V Jamadar-Shroff - 2009 - Cited by 17 - Related articles

Feb 15, 2009 - EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The in vitro effect of genistein and GCP was ... the notion that canine high-grade B-celllymphoma may represent a ...

• GCP, a genistein-rich compound, inhibits proliferation and induces ...
  

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19394691

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  meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/18_suppl/14126

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  lovingwatson.blogspot.com/

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https://www.google.com/search?q=Genistein+combined+polysaccharide+(GCP&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=ie7&rlz=1I7GGHP_en#q=Genistein+combined+polysaccharide+GCP&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address

**I will be starting genistein on Lucy's cancer on about 4/1/2014.  She was diagnosed in 4/2011 and has been taking the Tippner Protocol. I am adding a few new things because while she was in remission using only the pills on the Tippner cancer protocol, she has become stuffy again on the left side. Cancer can adapt and so must the protocol if needed. I will be adding genestein, luteolin, and apigen. I will have a research post on the luteolin and apigen soon.  The GCP version of genestein, I am still looking for a source.
Swanson now carries one. Yay! Cheaper!





I buy most of the stuff from Swanson Vitamins. They are cheaper, in capsules for dosage changes, and carry almost everything I give to Lucy except for the Chinese Herbs Stasis Breaker prescription, and the Low Dose Naltrexone prescription. Here is a $5 off coupon link I found

Xin Yi San for Mucous Mucus and What Snot

I got some new Chinese herbs, Xin Yi San a nasal decongestant,  to help relieve some of her mucous symptoms she has redeveloped with her nasal cancer. She is somewhat stuffy on her left side.  She had been in complete remission since 8/1/2011 on just the Tippner Protocol.
She starts Xin Yi San today 2 capsules per day 03/10/2014. I will note changes.


The chinese herbs she was given are below.  (She takes alot of other things as well)  These aren't regular herbs that you can purchase on the internet, they have to be prescribed by a licensed Chinese herbalist. Yup. 

Here is a lookup for vets in your area that use and prescribe them:
https://www.tcvmherbal.com/   left middle of page

If you cannot fnd a vet anywhere near you in the above vet pharmacy database-
 If your vet is not familiar with this veterinary herbal pharmacy, tell your vet that they do patient consults for free. But you still actually have to get your vet to order them for you.


Stasis Breaker to shrink the tumor - taken since 4/1/2011

Wei Qi Booster to boost immunity - taken since 4/1/2011

Xin Yi San a nasal decongestant - starts 4/10/2014

Ok for dogs and humans and horses and cats according to google:

http://books.google.com/books?id=vH6igOcDAZgC&pg=PT732&lpg=PT732&dq=xin+yi+san+for+dogs&source=bl&ots=Q1pn4xA5S7&sig=zSYbeMxBV88SrgL2eC5IQZkbb_c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVYfU6DCIIaGogSI2oK4DQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=xin%20yi%20san%20for%20dogs&f=false

http://lexysfight.blogspot.com/2012/11/chinese-herbs.html

http://brenewed.com/healthy-living/beaus-holistic-anti-cancer-lifestyle

http://www.justanswer.com/pet-cat/31afb-11-year-old-cat-sinus-congestion-type-symptoms.html

http://www.tcvmherbal.com/store/topFormula.asp?cid=6






I buy most of the stuff when possible from Swanson Vitamins. They are cheaper, in capsules for dosage changes, and carry almost everything I give to Lucy except for the Chinese Herbs Stasis Breaker prescription, and the Low Dose Naltrexone prescription. Here is a $5 off coupon link I found