Tumor: A swelling, lump, or mass.
Neoplasm: An abnormal proliferation of genetically
altered cell. A mass formed by an abnormal proliferation of
genetically altered cells. Synonymous with the word tumorMalignant Neoplasm: Synonymous with cancer.
Benign Neoplasm/tumor: A tumor that stops growing by itself, does not invade other tissues and does not spread to other tissue (metastasize).
Pre malignant tumor: A neoplasm that is not invasive but has the potential to progress to cance
Stage of cancer: a number on a scale of 4 developed by the oncologists to describe the degree of invasion of the body by the tumor.
Carcinoma: Malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells
Sarcoma: Malignant tumor derived from connective tissue
Lymphoma and Leukemia: Malignancies derived from hematopoietic (blood forming) cells.
Blastoma: A tumor which resembles an immature or embryonic tissue
1) Local symptoms= lumps, bumps, or swelling, bleeding, pain, ulcerations
2) Symptoms of metastasis= enlarged lymph nodes, cough, enlarged liver, bone
pain, fracture of affected bones, neurological symptom
3) Systemic symptoms = weight loss, poor appetite, fatigue, anemia
1. “Induction” of genetic instability
2. Abnormal “Expression” of genes: too many cancer promoting genes and too few cancer inhibiting genes
3. Abnormal “Signal Transduction”: Signals that come from outside the cell and go to the nucleus stimulate proliferation of malignant cells
4. Abnormal “cell to cell communication”: In cancer cells the mechanisms controlling communication with other cells doesn’t work.
5. Induction of “Angiogenesis”: growth of new capillaries
6. “Invasion and metastasis”: spread via lymph and blood
7. “Immune evasion”: cancer cells learn to shield themselves from the immune system
1. Results from failure of immune surveillance to detect cancer due to:
- a. nutritional deficiencies causing hypofunction; dietary toxins
- b. GI and liver damage which allows toxin into body resulting in immune stress
- c. Immune system exhausted by environmental toxins
- d. Immune system exhausted by psychological or physical stress
3. Cancer hates oxygen
4. Cancer loves an acidic environment. Toxins are acidic. Free radicals are acidic
5. Cancer loves iron
6. Free radicals damage DNA therefore antioxidants can help prevent cancer.
7. Unlike healthy cells, cancer cells can not make the enzyme catalase which is needed to destroy intercellular toxic hydrogen peroxide.
10. The liver is the most important organ to support when treating cancer because it is the major organ of detoxification.
Incidence of cancer in canines - Dogs today are more likely to die of cancer than old age. According to studies, 45% of dogs 10 years or older will die of cancer. About one-third of dogs die of old age.
Reminder - 5% of dogs achieve remissions longer than one year. We believe that longer survivals are not just a matter of luck!
New statistic - One recent New York State study showed that cancer in dogs has increased by 150% in the last four years.